“The Islamic Doctrine of Takfīr (Excommunication): Tracing Its Historical Development in the Thought of Ibn Ḥanbal, Ibn Taymiyya, and Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd Al-Wahhāb”. Journal of Islamic Law, vol. 7, no. 1, Apr. 2026, https://doi.org/10.53484/jil.v7.nakissa.